Feminism & Intersectionality↓

The gendered impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on women and girls - Desideria Benini (January 2021)

Feminist solidarity networks have multiplied since the COVID-19 outbreak in Mexico - Maria Jose Ventura Alfaro (September 2020)

Feminist struggles in times of pandemic: lessons from rural India - Isabelle Guérin, Govindan Venkatasubramanian and Nithya Joseph (March 2021)

Covid-19 Is a Feminist Issue - Priya Dhanani (August 2020)

Opinion – COVID-19’s War on Feminism in the U.S. - Tanishka Talagadadeevi (December 2020)

Feminist Economic Perspectives on the COVID-19 Pandemic - Naila Kabeer, Shahra Razavi and Yana van der Meulen Rodgers (March 2021)

Opinion: Feminism Has Failed Women - Kim Brooks (December 2020)

This pandemic threatens to undo what generations of feminists have fought for - Moira Donegan (May 2020)

Coronavirus pandemic: grasping the outbreak with a feminist perspective - Cecilia Francisco Carcelén (January 2021)

Who cares? Feminist responses to the pandemic - Vibhuti Patel and Lea Goelnitz (April 2020)

Don't Call the Pandemic a Setback for Feminism - Koa Beck (December 2020)

A Feminist's Response to COVID-19 - PK Mutch for Liisbeth (March 2020)

African Feminist and Anti-Capitalist Responses to COVID-19: Labor, Health and Ecological Questions - Ruth Nyambura in conversation with Salimah Valiani, Max Ajl and Ruth Castel-Branco for a podcast from The African EcoFeminists Collective (April 2020)

Call for a Feminist COVID-19 Policy - Feminist Alliance for Rights (March 2020)

Care and Connection in Crisis: Feminist Strategy to Confront COVID-19 - a MADRE briefing (March 2020)

COVID-19 Highlights the Failure of Neoliberal Capitalism: We Need Feminist Global Solidarity - Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (March 2020)

COVID-19 responses: Why feminist leadership matters in a crisis - Elise Stephenson and Susan Harris Rimmer for The Interpreter

Eine feministische Analyse der Corona-Krise - Julia Trippo and Marieke Eilers for WILPF Germany (March 2020)

An Intersectional Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Call for Revolution - Lisa Rosenthal for Intersectional Revolution (March 2020)

Lessons from feminists facing COVID-19 on the frontlines - The Equality Fund (April 2020)

Making a Feminist Internet in Africa: Why the Internet Needs African Feminists and Feminisms - Sheena Magenya for Gender IT (March 2020)

Organising in the time of COVID-19: Eco-feminist perspectives - Ruth Nyambura for Daraja Press (April 2020)

Reflection from the Feminist Confluence in the Context of COVID-19: Feminist Economy in a World in Transformation - World Social Forum of Transformative Economies (May 2020)

Retraditionalization, Coronavirus Conspiracies and Anti-Feminism - Rebekka Blum for Gunda Werne Institute (September 2020)

Statement for a Feminist Foreign Policy to Confront the Coronavirus Pandemic - MADRE (April 2020)

Statement on Rights at the Intersection of Gender and Disability during COVID-19 - Women Enabled International in consultation with Red movimiento estamos tod@s en acción (META), Disabled Women in Africa (DIWA), CIMUNIDIS, Women with Disabilities India Network, and Lisa Adams (April 2020)

The Coronavirus Is a Disaster for Feminism - Helen Lewis for the Atlantic (March 2020)

The Nigerian Feminist Forum’s Response to the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on VAWG In Nigeria - The Nigerian Feminist Forum (March 2020)

We Already Know What To Do - Annick T.R. Wibben for Duck of Minerva (April 2020)

What does feminist leadership look like in a pandemic? - Leila Billing (March 2020)

Why WHO needs a feminist economic agenda - Asha Herten-Crabb and Sara E Davies for The Lancet (March 2020)

Sexism↓

A Gender Lens on COVID-19: Investing in Nurses and Other Frontline Health Workers to Improve Health Systems - Megan O'Donnell and Samantha Rick for the Center for Global Development (March 2020)

A Gendered Human Rights Analysis of Ebola and Zika: Locating Gender in Global Health Emergencies - Sara E. Davies and Belinda Bennett (Sept 2016)

Approaching COVID-19 Risk and Response through a Gender Lens (Online Event Recording) - Center for Global Development (April 2020)

Call to Action: Now and the Future, COVID-19 and Gender Equality, Global Peace and Security - Gender Action for Peace and Security (April 2020)

Coronavirus Australia: Why Women Will Feel the Impact More Than Men - Kelly Burke for 7 News (March 2020)

Coronavirus crisis may deny 9.5 million women access to family planning - Liz Ford for the Guardian (April 2020)

COVID-19: A Double Burden for Women in Conflict Settings - Njoki Kinyanjui for LSE (April 2020)

COVID-19 Curfew in Jordan: How an Oxfam women’s rights partner continues to help women in harm’s way - Oxfam (April 2020)

COVID-19: Las mujeres asumen más los cuidados y la exposición al virus - Noemí López Trujillo for Newtral (March 2020)

COVID-19: The Gendered Impacts of the Outbreak - Clare Wenham, Julia Smith, and Rosemary Morgan (on behalf of the Gender and COVID-19 Working Group) for The Lancet (March 2020)

Gender and the Coronavirus Outbreak - Julia Smith for Think Global Health (Feb 2020)

Gendered Implications of COVID-19 Outbreaks in Development and Humanitarian Settings - a CARE International Policy Briefing (March 2020)

How COVID-19 Worsens Gender Inequality in Nepal - Luna K.C. for The Diplomat (June 2020)

How Will COVID-19 Affect Women and Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? - David Evans for the Centre for Global Development (March 2020)

‘I Feel Like I Have Five Jobs’: Moms Navigate the Pandemic - Jessica Bennett for the New York Times (March 2020)

Overcoming the ‘Tyranny of the Urgent’: Integrating Gender into Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response - Julia Smith (June 2019)

Pandemics and Violence Against Women and Children - Amber Peterman , Alina Potts , Megan O'Donnell , Kelly Thompson , Niyati Shah , Sabine Oertelt-Prigione and Nicole van Gelder for the Center for Global Development (April 2020)

Pandemics Are Not Gender-Neutral, Gender Analysis Can Improve Response To Disease Outbreaks - Lenka Filipová, Renata H. Dalaqua, James Revill for UNIDIR (March 2020)

Playing the Long Game: How a Gender Lens Can Mitigate Harm Caused by Pandemics - Megan O'Donnell for the Center for Global Development (March 2020)

Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Women - UN (April 2020)

Power, Privilege and Priorities - a Global Health 50/50 report (2020)

The “All-Consuming” Emotional Labor Caused by Coronavirus—and Shouldered by Women - Andrea Flynn for Ms. Magazine

The Coronavirus Crisis and Decision on Commission on the Status of Women Exposes Structural Inequalities - Mwanahamisi Singano for African Feminism (March 2020)

The Gender Trap? Being an Italian Woman in Times of COVID-19 - Rachele Marconi for LSE (April 2020)

What Do Countries With The Best Coronavirus Responses Have In Common? Women Leaders - Avivah Wittenberg-Cox for Forbes (April 2020)

Why gender matters in the impact and recovery from Covid-19 - Sara E Davies, Sophie Harman, Jacqui True, and Clare Wenham for The Interpreter (March 2020)

Why Women May Face a Greater Risk of Catching Coronavirus - Alisha Haridasani Gupta for the New York Times (March 2020)

Why Women’s Rights Must be Central to the UN Security Council’s Response to COVID-19 - The NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security (April 2020)

Women Mobilize to Prevent COVID-19 in Crowded Rohingya Refugee Camps - UN Women (April 2020)

Women Peace and Security in the Time of Corona - Sanam Naraghi Anderlini for LSE’s Centre for Women, Peace and Security

Racism↓

The Coronavirus Pandemic Has Intensified Systemic Economic Racism Against Black Americans - Steven Greenhouse (July 2020)

'I Will Not Stand Silent.' 10 Asian Americans Reflect on Racism During the Pandemic and the Need for Equality - Anna Purna Kambhampaty (June 2020)

How British east and southeast Asians are fighting racism during the pandemic - Kate Ng (January 2021)

Many Black and Asian Americans Say They Have Experienced Discrimination Amid the COVID-19 Outbreak - Neil G. Ruis, Juliana Menasce Horowitz AND Christine Tamir (September 2020)

During pandemic, racism puts additional stress on Asian Americans - Massachusetts General Hospital (September 2020)

Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide - Human Rights Watch (March 2020)

Racism and Classism During a National Pandemic: Will America Ever be the Same Again? - Jordan Rhodes (April 2020)

Black, Latino communities suffering disproportionately from coronavirus, statistics show - J. Edward Moreno for the Hill (April 2020)

Coronavirus: Why some racial groups are more vulnerable - Christine Ro for the BBC (April 2020)

Racism and Covid-19 Are a Lethal Combination - By Rev. Dr. William J. Barber II and William J. Barber III, JD for the Nation (April 2020)

‘Reality is hitting me in the face’: Asian Americans grapple with racism due to COVID-19 - Rob Buscher for Whyy (April 2020)

Survey of Covid-19 racism against Asian Australians records 178 incidents in two weeks - Naaman Zhou for The Guardian (April 2020)

US Government Should Better Combat Anti-Asian Racism - Seashia Vang for Human Rights Watch

Militarism & Securitisation↓

COVID-19 The New Normal: Militarization and Women’s New Agenda in India - Dr. Asha Hans (June 2020)

In Kashmir, military lockdown and pandemic combined are one giant deadly threat - Ifat Gazia (July 2020)

Johnson’s prioritising militarism in a pandemic – who will stand against it? - Ben Wray (November 2020)

Experts lament Philippines' 'militaristic' approach vs. COVID-19 pandemic - Kristine Sabillo (June 2020)

Why Populist Leaders Use War Rhetoric for All Things Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic - Anuradha Chenoy (August 2020)

Comment: COVID 19: why we need to ditch the military terms - Ed Freshwater (April 2020)

Soldiering a pandemic: the threat of militarized rhetoric in addressing Covid-19 - Christoph Laucht and Susan T. Jackson (April 2020)

Militarism is a Destructive Public Health Response to the Pandemic - Sonia Joseph and Nangeli (May 2020)

Militarising the pandemic: how states around the world chose militarised responses - Andrew Metheven (August 2021)

One Year In: How Militarism Made the Pandemic Worse - Khury Petersen-Smith (March 2021)

Our male leaders declared war on the pandemic. Our response must match that. - Christine Chinkin and Madeleine Rees (May 2020)

Militarization in the Age of the Pandemic Crisis - Henry A. Giroux and Ourania Filippakou (April 2020)

COVID-19: “Waging War” Against a Virus is NOT What We Need to Be Doing - Cynthia Enloe for Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (March 2020)

Now is the Time to Revisit the Global Health Security Agenda - Ambassador Bonnie Jenkins for Brookings (March 2020)

Capitalism & Imperialism↓

COVID-19 Symposium: COVID-19 and the ‘Western Gaze’ - Alonso Gurmendi for OpinioJuris

COVID-19: What has COVID-19 Taught Us about Neoliberalism? - Nela Porobić Isaković for WILPF

Cuando el coronavirus hizo visibles los cuidados - Laura Pérez Castaño for ctxt (March 2020)

Are our employers just requisition our homes? - Fiona Jenkins for The Canberra Times (April 2020)

Farmworkers face coronavirus risk: ‘You can’t pick strawberries over Zoom’ - Andrea Castillo for the Los Angeles Times (April 2020)

Federal COVID-19 relief policies failed women workers — and now feminists are fighting for them - Carmen Rios for the Women’s Media Center (April 2020)

How the COVID-19 pandemic will affect informal workers: Insights from Kenya - Njeri Kinyanjui for The Conversation (March 2020)

Out of Control: Crisis, Covid-19 and Capitalism in Africa - Review of African Political Economy (April 2020)

We Cannot Abandon Migrant and Refugee Women During the COVID-19 Crisis - Stephanie Johanssen, Mina Jaf, and Evelyn Wauters for Ms. Magazine (April 2020)

Why coronavirus could spark a capitalist supernova - John Smith for openDemocracy (April 2020)

Why Nigeria knows better how to fight corona than the US - Crystal Simeoni for International Politics and Society (March 2020)

Classism↓

Quarantine is Classist AF - Hannah Friedman (November 2020)

Has COVID-19 highlighted social injustice built into our cities? - Kavya Chowdhry (October 2020)

How the Coronavirus Could Create a New Working Class - Olga Khazan (April 2020)

Learning About Coronavirus and the Class Divide - Nicole Daniels and Michael Gonchar (April 2020)

Why COVID-19 Is Changing Our Perceptions Of Social Class and Risk - Verity Aiken (May 2020)

Class and COVID: How the less affluent face double risks - Richard V. Reeves and Jonathan Rothwell (March 2020)

The new class divide – how Covid-19 exposed and exacerbated workplace inequality in the UK - Alex Collinson (May 2020)

Lockdown has laid bare Britain's class divide - Lynsey Hanley for the Guardian (April 2020)

Emotional Health↓

The Silent Pandemic: Covid-19 and mental health - Professor Sir Graham Thornicroft (December 2020)

Mental Health During The Pandemic And Its Impact On The Workplace - Bill Goodwin (January 2021)

‘Hear me, I am not okay’: Young India and mental health - Charit Jaggi (April 2021)

‘I just feel broken’: doctors, mental health and the pandemic - India Ross (March 2021)

The Pandemic Doesn't Mean We Have to Choose between Physical and Mental Health - June Gruber and Jessica L. Borelli (April 2021)

Reimagining mental health systems post COVID-19 - Gary Belkin, Steve Appleton and Kathy Langlois (April 2021)

The COVID-19 pandemic, financial inequality and mental health - Mental Health Foundation (May 2020)

FRIDA Happiness Manifestx - FRIDA The Young Feminist Fund

Prepare for the Ultimate Gaslighting* - Julio Vincent Gambuto on Forge (April 2020)

What do you do with the fear you feel? - Lovely Umayam for Inkstick Media (April 2020)

Disability & Ableism↓

Ableism, Covid-19 and why we must reevaluate the value of human lives - Holly Barrows (January 2021)

Disabled people and the impact of COVID-19: four urgent messages for the government - Tom Shakespeare, Nicholas Watson, Richard Brunner, Jane Cullingworth, Shaffa Hameed, Charlotte Pearson, Nathaniel Scherer and Veronika Reichenberger (February 2021)

Abandoned, forgotten and ignored – the impact of Covid-19 on Disabled people - Inclusion London (June 2020)

Pandemic, stigma threaten to leave persons with disabilities behind, consultations show - United Nations Population Fund (December 2020)

How disabled people have been completely disregarded during the coronavirus pandemic - Janet Hoskin and Jo Finch (July 2020)

Governments ‘overwhelmingly failed’ to protect disability rights during pandemic - John Pring (October 2020)

Opportunities and challenges for disability inclusion during the COVID-19 pandemic - Mikaela Patrick and Dr Giulia Barbareschi (April 2020)

The forgotten crisis: exploring the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on disabled people - Liz Sayce (February 2021)

Coronavirus and Ableism: The Disabled And Elderly Communities Refusing To Remain Silent - Harriet Kean for GRAZIA (March 2020)

Coronavirus crisis shows ableism shapes Canada’s long-term care for people with disabilities - Gillian Parekh and Kathryn Underwood for The Conversation (May 2020)

COVID-19 at the Intersection of Gender and Disability: Findings of a Global Human Rights Survey, March to April 2020 - Women Enabled (May 2020)

Our response to Covid-19 ignores society’s most vulnerable - Emily Beater for New Statesman (April 2020)

Structural violence, ableism and COVID-19 - Arise Consortium (April 2020)

Intimate partner violence: How are we protecting against domestic violence?↓

We are concerned that domestic violence rates will rise during lockdown periods. It is critical that those experiencing violence have services to access.

Campaigners expect domestic-violence rates to rise during lockdown periods. Stress, alcohol consumption, and financial difficulties are all considered triggers for violence in the home, and the quarantine measures being imposed around the world will increase all three. [1]

The British charity Women’s Aid said in a statement that it was “concerned that social distancing and self-isolation will be used as a tool of coercive and controlling behaviour by perpetrators, and will shut down routes to safety and support.” [2]

These secondary effects of the pandemic are already being experienced in China, with activists reporting a surge in cases of domestic abuse as a result of the lockdown. [3]

Wan Fei, a retired police officer who now runs an anti-domestic violence nonprofit organisation in Jingzhou, Hubei, said the number of cases has almost doubled since the quarantine began.

“The epidemic has had a huge impact on domestic violence,” the activist said. [4]

“According to our statistics, 90% of the causes of violence are related to the Covid-19 epidemic.” [5]

“The imposition of self-isolation can amplify the abuser’s ability to restrict women’s freedoms and leave them at heightened risk” [6]

Previous studies of emergency situations, including infectious disease outbreaks such as the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014–2015, revealed that women and girls experienced high rates of sexual violence and abuse. [7]

It was the “silent epidemic” experienced by women and girls who often had few options but to seek shelter in environments that they knew were dangerous. [8]

For a woman who has been planning to leave her violent husband or family, the consequence of travel bans and city lockdowns is dire. [9]

What protection options are available for women migrant domestic workers who may be trapped in violent and abusive arrangements under self-isolation policies in the Asia and Pacific region? [10]

There is a vital need to ensure that sexual and reproductive services are prioritised during the Covid-19 crisis to ensure women and girls have access to services for maternal care, to prevent unwanted pregnancies, and for survivors of gender-based violence. [11]

Gendered division of labour: Where is the burden of care work falling?↓

Those doing care work who are currently on the front line - and risking the most exposure to COVID-19 - tend to be women, as care roles are deeply gendered. We need gender-sensitive responses for the gendered impact of this pandemic.

Typical gender roles can influence where men and women spend their time, and the infectious agents they come into contact with, as well as the nature of exposure, its frequency and its intensity [12]

Front-line health professionals and workers most exposed to the infectious disease are likely to be women: nurses, nurse aides, teachers, child care workers, aged-care workers, and cleaners are mostly women. [13]

Globally women make up around 70% of the health workforce. [14]

In China’s Hubei Province, where the current coronavirus outbreak originated, about 90 percent of health care workers are women. [15]

Women around the world are also more likely to take on the burden of care at home, particularly if someone in their family is sick. [16]

Sophie Harman explains that the feminised unpaid reproductive care economy ‘acts as a “shock absorber” in periods of crisis ... Women absorb the burden of care through self-exploitation (leading to direct and indirect health impacts on women as a gender), reliance on family, or outsourcing care roles to poorer women’. [17]

During the West African Ebola outbreak, the majority of care was provided by women, many of whom continue to suffer from the psychological trauma of being solely responsible for the ill and from the fear of contracting and passing on the virus, particularly to their children (Abramowitz et al. 2015). [18]

Noting the sensitive nature of care work, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin writes that ‘humanitarian assistance and other forms of crisis intervention should not increase women’s vulnerability, neither by undermining their coping strategies nor by reinforcing damaging coping strategies’ (2010, 13). [19]

In other words, the care work provided by women should be supported, while providing alternatives that empower women. [20]

Economically speaking, outbreaks could have a disproportionately negative impact on women, who make up a large chunk of part-time and informal workers around the world. Those kinds of jobs are also usually the first to get sliced in periods of economic uncertainty. [21]

And during outbreaks, when women have to give up work and income to stay home, they often find it harder to spring back after the crisis, said Dr. Julia Smith, a health policy researcher at Simon Fraser University. While “everybody’s income was affected by the Ebola outbreak in West Africa,” Smith said, “men’s income returned to what they had made pre-outbreak faster than women’s income.” [22]

Sexual and Reproductive Health: What is considered essential health care?↓

We are seeing threats to sexual and reproductive health during the COVID-19 response in disrupting services that are considered “nonessential” - like abortion access in Texas and Ohio. Conservative politicians are using the pandemic to restrict basic human rights. This is not ok.

Dealing with COVID-19 is likely to create imbalances in health care provision, disruption of routine essential services and to require redeployment of scarce health personnel across health services. [23]

Acute and emergency maternal and reproductive health services may be hit hardest, with limited facilities for isolation areas to assess and care for women in labour and the newborn. [24]

Life-saving procedures, from caesarean sections to abortion care, may be delayed due to staff deployment and shortages and lack of infrastructure, e.g. operation theatres and ward space. [25]

Women who have to spend time recovering in hospital wards in low-income countries are often reliant on relatives for food and care, making isolation and infection control measures difficult and intensifying the risks of COVID-19 spread. [26]

The effects of the pandemic could also affect routine health care services. Clinic appointments are rare in low-income settings and people can wait long hours at crowded clinic waiting areas for antenatal care, contraceptive counselling or other reproductive health services, which will increase risk of infection transmission. [27]

Cancellation of routine clinics may be necessary with deployment of staff away to acute care. - Those most disadvantaged may incur costs, suffer travel for long distances and other inconveniences needlessly, or even not attend for care at all. [28]

During the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, maternal health clinics were closed as resources were diverted to the outbreak response. [29]

Consequently, the maternal mortality rate in the region, already one of the highest in the world, increased by 70 percent. [30]*

Gender blind policy response: Who is making decisions about the pandemic response?↓

Those in leadership often do not face the struggles the average citizen does. We need to hear from every corner of society when making decisions about how to protect the most vulnerable.

World leaders are mostly men, and these men tend to represent the elite and dominant social group. For example, President Donald J. Trump recently announced the President’s Coronavirus Task Force of twelve men, eleven of whom are white. [31]

The Global Health 50/50 Report [PDF] from 2019 finds that 72% of executive heads in global health are men. [32]

Equity issues are only meaningfully integrated into emergency responses when women and marginalised groups are able to participate in decision making. [33]

Resources: What are We Funding to Keep People “Secure”?↓

Governments should move money from defence and military budgets to fund what truly keeps humans safe: access to housing, food, healthcare, and education. Militarism won’t be a solution to pandemics. Human security will. We must change our priorities and language.

“In Mid March as the pandemic dominated world news, the Pentagon unveiled its £844 million hypersonic, unmanned missile. At the same time, the US federal government was unable to produce or provide enough masks for healthcare workers treating patients. [...] Will defence budgets be requisitioned and reallocated to support the frontline health care system and unemployed or will they remain intact as other services are slashed? Why are we awash in weapons and military equipment, but short on medics and masks?” [34]

“Today, one can imagine that waging “a World War II-type war” against a fast-spreading disease is a desirable strategy only if one willfully ignores the findings of feminist historians and refuses to absorb the crucial political lessons they have taught us about the actual costs of turning any collective civic effort into a “war.” To mobilize society today to provide effective, inclusive, fair and sustainable public health, we need to learn the lessons that feminist historians of wars have offered us.” [35]

Americans and Canadians are buying guns in record numbers. This is exacerbated by the usage of militarised language by the government in misguided analogies about COVID-19 and the collective action we must take. For example, some commonly seen phrases are “Waging a war against an invisible enemy;” “we will defeat;” and “patriotic duty.” [36]

Militarism and the heavy investment of money in the weapons industry means that state money is tied up in the military-industrial complex and not more available for other sectors, like healthcare, and for life-saving resources. Governments invest over two trillion USD in militarism each year - money which could be used to instead care for the health and social wellbeing of the average person, and thereby creating more stable and sustainably peaceful societies. [37]

Excluding spend on nuclear weapons, US military spending reached $649 billion in 2018, which is more than the next top eight spenders combined. It is expected that money spent on maintaining and expanding nuclear weapons in the nine nuclear possessing states will reach the trillions in the coming decades. [38]

Investment in militarised security means that military becomes the default answer to every single actual or perceived threat. In Serbia, the army has been tasked with protecting the hospitals and medical staff. But the medical staff doesn’t need guns for protection. They need adequate equipment, staff, and infrastructure. [39]

References↓

Thank you to Anna Provan for gathering the majority of this information.

1. The Atlantic (2020) The Coronavirus is a Disaster For Feminism https://www.theatlantic.com/international/ archive/2020/03/feminism-womens-rights-coronavirus-covid19/608302/

2. Ibid.

3. Sixth Tone (2020) Domestic Violence Cases Surge During COVID-19 Epidemic https://www.sixthtone.com/news/ 1005253/domestic-violence-cases-surge-during-covid-19-epidemic

4.Ibid.

5.Ibid.

6.Huffington Post (2020) 'Higher Risk' Of Domestic Abuse During Coronavirus Self-Isolation, Warn Campaigners https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/domestic-violence-coronavirus_uk_5e6b9c9ec5b6bd8156f63d01

7.The Interpreter (2020) Why Gender Matters in the Impact and Recovery from Covid-19 https:// www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/why-gender-matters-impact-and-recovery-covid-19

8.Ibid.

9.Ibid.

10.Ibid.

11.Ibid.

12.New York Times (2020) Why Women May Face a Greater Risk of Catching Coronavirus https://www.nytimes.com/ 2020/03/12/us/women-coronavirus-greater-risk.html

13.Ibid.

14.Ibid.

15.Ibid.

16.Ibid.

17.Harman, S. (2016) Ebola, Gender and Conspicuously Invisible Women in Global Health Governance https:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2015.1108827

18.Smith, J. (2019) Overcoming the “Tyranny of the Urgent”: integrating gender into disease outbreak preparedness and response https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13552074.2019.1615288?needAccess=true

19.Ibid.

20.Ibid.

21.New York Times (2020) Why Women May Face a Greater Risk of Catching Coronavirus https://www.nytimes.com/ 2020/03/12/us/women-coronavirus-greater-risk.html

22.Ibid.

23.Hussein, J. (2020) COVID-19: What implications for sexual and reproductive health and rights globally? https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/26410397.2020.1746065?needAccess=true Ibid.

24.Ibid.

25.Ibid.

26.Ibid.

27.Ibid.

28.Ibid.

29.Think Global Health (2020) Gender and The Coronavirus Outbreak https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/gender-and-coronavirus-outbreak

30.Ibid.

31.Ibid.

32.Ibid.

33.Ibid.

34.Naraghi Anderlini, S. (2020) Women peace and security in the time of corona https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2020/03/25/women-peace-and-security-in-the-time-of-corona/

35.Enloe, C. (2020) COVID-19: “Waging War” Against a Virus is NOT What We Need to Be Doing https://www.wilpf.org/covid-19-waging-war-against-a-virus-is-not-what-we-need-to-be-doing/

36.Acheson, R. (2020) COVID-19: Militarise or Organise? https://www.wilpf.org/covid-19-militarise-or-organise/

37.Ibid.

38.Ibid.

39.Ibid.